Scientists have correlated the NPGO with previously unexplained fluctuations of salinity, nutrients and chlorophyll-a (algae) seen in long-term observations of the California Current and Gulf of Alaska. He recently discovered that blue sharks use warm water ocean tunnels, or eddies, to dive to the ocean twilight zone, where they forage in nutrient-rich waters hundreds of meters down. The return to ENSO-neutral conditions begins in the southeastern tropical Pacific Ocean and gradually spreads westward. Like the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the NPGO fluctuates on the order of decades. This 10-year program, named Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere (TOGA), developed an extensive oceanographic observation system to support climate studies. Born in New Zealand, Simon received his B.S. Severe flooding and landslides occurred in the southwestern U.S., while Europe experienced abnormally cold weather. The NPO is similar to the NAO in having a low-index state and a high-index state. A high NPO index brings a northerly airflow, with the corresponding movement into the region of colder, sub-polar air. Because of the wide variability in events leading to their onset, ENSO episodes are difficult to predict. At the same time, the trade winds blow steadily east to west along both sides of the equator to move warm surface waters from the eastern to the western Pacific and cause cold, nutrient-rich bottom water to well up off the coast of South America. Like the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (see below), it has warm and cool phases that may last for 20 to 40 years at a time, with a difference of about 1°F between extremes. In its positive (warm) phase, the AAO brings relatively light winds and more settled weather to middle latitudes, together with enhanced westerly winds over the southern oceans. Hence, countries on the western side of South America experience wetter-than-normal conditions, including severe storms during an El Niño phase of ENSO. The Southern Oscillation is what is known as a "coupled" system because there is no clearly dominant driving force. A blog about monitoring and forecasting El Niño, La Niña, and their impacts. In an El Niño year, the high-pressure center over the western Pacific weakens, which diminishes or reverses the trade winds and permits the relatively weak east-flowing equatorial counter current to transport warm surface water towards South America. As a result, the NPGO may help scientists understand the mechanisms of primary production in the North Pacific Ocean that has a strong influence on the dynamics of the entire marine ecosystem in the region. Scientists have only just begun to develop the actionable forecasts of weather related to El Niño and La Niña events to help people and governments prepare for abnormal events well in advance. The Pacific-North American (PNA) Pattern relates the atmospheric circulation pattern over the North Pacific Ocean with the one over the North American continent through the height of the sea surface in the northern Pacific. In places where weather is exceptionally cool and wet during El Niño, it is generally hot and dry during La Niña. Scientists have uncovered evidence for another natural cycle that, like El Niño and La Niña, shifts Pacific Ocean winds and…. A positive or “warm” phase brings about greater-than-average sea-surface temperatures and greater precipitation in the western Indian Ocean region, along with a corresponding cooling of waters in the eastern Indian Ocean that tends to bring reduce precipitation in Indonesia and Australia. The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is dedicated to advancing knowledge of the ocean and its connection with the Earth system through a sustained commitment to excellence in science, engineering, and education, and to the application of this knowledge to problems facing society. He has conducted more than 60 scientific expeditions in the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. The warmer water of El Nino reduced the number of fish available to catch. She is currently training for the first post-certification mission of Boeing’s Starliner spacecraft – the second crewed flight for that vehicle – and her third long duration mission aboard the International Space Station.
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